Fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas por inquérito telefônico nas capitais brasileiras, Vigitel 2014 / Risk and protective factors for chronic diseases by telephone survey in capitals of Brazil, Vigitel 2014

RESUMO: Objetivo: Descrever as prevalências dos fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas na população adulta brasileira no ano de 2014, e investigar os fatores sociodemográficos associados. Métodos: Análise dos dados provenientes do inquérito telefônico Vigitel 2014, a partir de amostras probabilísticas da população adulta (≥ 18 anos) das capitais dos 26 estados brasileiros e Distrito Federal, residentes em domicílios com telefone fixo. Apresentadas prevalências por sexo, idade e escolaridade e razões de prevalências (RP) ajustadas, por meio da Regressão de Poisson. Resultados: Entre 40.853 adultos entrevistados, 10,8% são fumantes atuais e 21,2% ex-fumantes. O consumo abusivo de bebidas alcoólicas foi relatado por 16,5 e 52,5% apresentaram excesso de peso, fatores mais frequentes entre os homens. A prevalência do consumo recomendado de frutas e hortaliças foi de 24%, de doces de 18,1% e de substituição das refeições por lanches de 16,2%, maiores entre as mulheres. Atividade física no tempo livre alcançou 35,3% e aumentou com a escolaridade. A hipertensão arterial foi a doença mais frequente, com 24,8%, foi maior entre as mulheres, aumentando com idade. Conclusão: Os resultados do Vigitel 2014 indicam que os fatores de risco investigados costumam ser mais frequentes entre os homens, adultos de maior idade, e menos escolarizados, caracterizando o gradiente socioeconômico e cultural na determinação de doenças crônicas.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To describe the prevalence of risk and protective factors for chronic diseases in Brazilian adult population in 2014 and investigate the associated sociodemographic factors. Methods: Analyses were performed based on data from telephone interviews (Vigitel 2014) on probabilistic samples of adult population (≥ 18 years old) from the capitals of the 26 Brazilian States and the Federal District, living in households with landline phones. Prevalence is presented by gender, age and educational level, and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) are estimated using Poisson Regression model. Results: Among the 40.853 adults who were interviewed, 10.8% were smokers and 21.2% ex-smokers. Among the respondents, 16.5% reported alcohol abuse and 52.5% were overweight, factors that were more frequent among men. The prevalence of recommended intake of fruits and vegetables was 24%, intake of sweets was 18.1% and replacements of main meals for snacks was 16.2%, factors that were higher among women. Leisure time physical activity reached 35.3% and increased with the level of education. Hypertension was the most frequent disease achieving 24.8%, which was higher among women and increased with age. Conclusion: The results from Vigitel 2014 indicate that risk factors are, in general, more frequent among men, older adults and less educated individuals, characterizing the socioeconomic and cultural dimensions in determining chronic diseases.

Comparison of the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on the eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection, serum inflammatory factors and total antioxidant capacity

Helicobacter pylori infection, the most common chronic bacterial infection in the world, and an important cause of gastrointestinal disorders, may be involved in the pathogenesis of some extra-gastrointestinal disturbances, as well as an increase in blood levels of certain inflammatory markers. Anti-bacterial activity against Helicobacter pylori and anti-inflammatory properties of omega-3 fatty acids have been studied in several research studies. The purpose of the present study was the comparison of the effects of Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid supplementation on Helicobacter pylori eradication, serum levels of some inflammatory markers and total antioxidant capacity. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 97 Helicobacter pylori positive patients [64 patients in the two intervention groups and 33 in the control group], received 2 grams daily of Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Docosahexaenoic Acid or Medium Chain Triglyceride oil as placebo, along with conventional tetra-drug Helicobacter pylori eradication regimen, for 12 weeks. Helicobacter pylori eradication test and measurement of concentration of interleukine-6, interleukine-8, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and total antioxidant capacity were performed after the intervention. There was no significant difference in eradication rate of the infection, levels of interleukine-6 and total antioxidant capacity among the three groups, while the levels of interleukine-8 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were statistically different. Eicosapentaenoic Acid or Docosahexaenoic Acid supplementation had no significant differential impact on the eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection, and serum levels of interleukine-6 and total antioxidant capacity. However, it had a desirable effect on the levels of interleukine-8 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in Helicobacter pylori positive patients

Tumor growth reduction is regulated at the gene level in Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats supplemented with fish oil rich in EPA and DHA

We investigated the effect of fish oil (FO) supplementation on tumor growth, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and RelA gene and protein expression in Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats. Male Wistar rats (70 days old) were fed with regular chow (group W) or chow supplemented with 1 g/kg body weight FO daily (group WFO) until they reached 100 days of age. Both groups were then inoculated with a suspension of Walker 256 ascitic tumor cells (3×107 cells/mL). After 14 days the rats were killed, total RNA was isolated from the tumor tissue, and relative mRNA expression was measured using the 2-ΔΔCT method. FO significantly decreased tumor growth (W=13.18±1.58 vs WFO=5.40±0.88 g, P<0.05). FO supplementation also resulted in a significant decrease in COX-2 (W=100.1±1.62 vs WFO=59.39±5.53, P<0.001) and PPARγ (W=100.4±1.04 vs WFO=88.22±1.46, P<0.05) protein expression. Relative mRNA expression was W=1.06±0.022 vs WFO=0.31±0.04 (P<0.001) for COX-2, W=1.08±0.02 vs WFO=0.52±0.08 (P<0.001) for PPARγ, and W=1.04±0.02 vs WFO=0.82±0.04 (P<0.05) for RelA. FO reduced tumor growth by attenuating inflammatory gene expression associated with carcinogenesis.

[Effects of dietary gamma-linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid with paclitaxel on the treatment of mice mammary carcinoma]

Breast cancer is one of the most important causes of death in women. One of the various gene expression involved in breast cancer is human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 [HER2/neu] gene expression increases. Factors of dietary affect on regulation of hormone secretion and the rate of breast cancer. One of these factors is amount and type of fats in diet. Gamma-linolenic acid [GLA] and Docosahexaenoic acid [DHA] are members of poly unsaturated fatty acids. In this study, effects of dietary GLA and DHA alone or together with paclitaxel on treatment of mice mammary carcinoma has been evaluated. Thirty female balb/c mice were divided in six groups randomly. Carcinomatous mass induced by tumor implantation method. Spontaneous breast adenocarcinoma of mice were used as tumor stock. The tumors of these mice were removed aseptically, dissected into 0.5 cm3 pieces. These pieces were transplanted subcutaneously into their right flank. GLA and DHA added to the mice diet two week prior to tumor implantation. At the end of intervention, tumors were removed and HER2 gene expression was measured. The weight of animal and tumor volume measured weekly. It was not significant change in the weight of animals that consumed DHA and DHA with taxol. Tumor volume in those groups that received corn oil with taxol [P<0.01], DHA [P<0.05] and DHA with taxol [P<0.001] showed significant decrease in comparison with control group. HER2 gene expression in DHA with taxol decreased significantly in comparison with control group [P<0.05]. Consumption of DHA oil with taxol causes decrease the volume of carcinoma mass. The future studies with large number of sample is needed to support this finding.

Progress on relationship between omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and violent-aggressive behavior / 法医学杂志

The relationship between omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and violent-aggressive behavior has been payed attention since 1980s. Their correlation was explored by many epidemiological investigations, and the effect of PUFAs on prevention or reduction of violent-aggressive behavior in different groups were also affirmed by some intervention studies. This article summarized the previous studies and reviewed the history of epidemiological or intervention studies on PUFAs and its relationship with violent-aggressive behavior. It also presented the possible influencing factors in these studies and possible mechanisms.

El ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA): su esencialidad y requerimientos / Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA): essenciality and requirements

El ácido docosahexaenoico (C22:6, omega-3,DHA) es un ácido graso poliinsaturado de cadena larga que forma parte de los fosfolípidos de las membranas de los tejidos de mamíferos superiores, especialmente del tejido nervioso y visual, donde constituye más del 60 por ciento de la composición lipídica. El adulto humano sintetiza el DHA a partir del precursor ácido alfa-linolénico en cantidad suficiente para suplir los requerimientos metabólicos. El mayor requerimiento de DHA ocurre durante la vida intrauterina y en los primeros meses de vida, etapas en las consolida la formación del tejido nervioso y visual. La madre aporta el DHA requerido por el feto a través del transporte placentario durante el embarazo y a través de la leche después del parto. Se estima que el feto y el recién nacido no son capaces de suplir sus requerimientos nutricionales de DHA, por lo cual se les considera como grupos vulnerables a la deficiencia del ácido graso, siendo el aporte materno imprecindible. La embarazada utiliza sus reservas de DHA para transferírselas al feto, por lo cual este estado fisiológico constituye otra condición de vulnerabilidad a la deficiencia nutricional de DHA. La ausencia de lactancia materna post-parto y durante los primeros meses de vida puede producir una carencia fisiológica de DHA que conduce a transtornos en el desarrollo del sistema nervioso y de la función visual del lactante, afectando potencialmente su capacidad congenita y la agudeza visual. La leche de vaca no reemplaza a la leche materna en cuanto al aporte de DHA. Se recomienda que las fórmulas de reemplazo contengan DHA en cantidad similar al de la leche materna. Actualmente existen productos para la alimentación de recién nacido que en su formulación incorporan DHA y otros ácidos grasos requeridos por estos individuos

Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the lipidic profile of healthy Mexican volunteers

Objetivo. Estudiar el efecto de los ácidos grasos ponlinsaturados n-3 en el perfil lipídico sérico de una población mexicana. Material y métodos. La ingesta diaria del suplemento de aceite de salmón fue de 3 gramos durante cuatro semanas. Se evaluaron los niveles de colesterol total, triglicéridos, lipoproteínas de alta densidad y la composición en ácidos grasos de los eritrocitos. Resultados. muestran una reducción significativa (p<0.05) en los niveles de triglicéridos y un aumento significativo (p<0.01) en los niveles de lipoproteínas de alta densidad en los sujetos con hipertrigliceridemia . El grupo con hipercolesterolemia presentó reducción en los niveles de colesterol total y triglicéridos y aumento significativo en los niveles de lipoproteínas y aumento significativo en los niveles de lipoproteínas de alta densidad (p<0.01). conclusiones. El efecto hipolipidemiante de los ácidos grasos polinsaturados n-3 se puso de manifiesto en voluntarios mexicanos bajo las condiciones aquí evaluadas

Effect of dietary eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic free acids on human plasma phospholipid and triacylglycerol

Durante dos meses se estudió la absorción e incorporación en humanos de los ácidos grasos de la serie n-3, eicosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentenoico y docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexenoico, en fosfolípidos y triacilgliceeroles del plasma. Ambos ácidos n-3 libres se absorbieron regularmente e immediatamente se observó un aumento de dichos ácidos en los contenidos de fosfolípidos y triacilgliceroles del plasma. Al cesar la administración de ácidos grasos n-3, se agotaron rápidamente los depósitos de dichos ácidos